Earthquake: Definition, Causes, and Effects

Definition

An earthquake is a sudden, violent shaking of the ground caused by the release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere, primarily due to tectonic plate movement.

Causes

Earthquakes primarily occur due to the movement of tectonic plates along fault lines. When plates collide, slide past each other, or pull apart, it builds up stress in the surrounding rocks. When the stress becomes too great, it releases in the form of seismic waves, causing the ground to shake.

Other Causes Include:

• Volcanic eruptions
• Underground explosions
• Landslides and rockfalls
• Meteorite impacts

Effects

Earthquakes can have devastating effects, including:

• Ground shaking and surface rupture
• Landslides, mudslides, and avalanches
• Tsunamis and floods
• Structural damage to buildings and infrastructure
• Injuries, deaths, and displacement of populations